hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Meadows LM, Morse JM. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. National Library of Medicine For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Qualitative content analysis was used. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. CAS Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. statement and Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. These two ideas were fully appreciated . PubMed Central 2015;29(2):12736. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Social change theory was used in this paper. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Helman (1990) presentation of lay theories of illness causation identified four sites; individual patient, the natural These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. Bookshelf We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Antonitto A. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Cite this article. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. Cookies policy. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. 2007;2:942. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. An official website of the United States government. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. Google Scholar. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Google Scholar. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. Int J Environ Res Public Health. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Philosophy. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. We will also share examples on. 1990;28:6372. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Creswell JW. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Would you like email updates of new search results? He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Gordis, L. (2014). Article Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further WHO. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Int Orthop. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. 2023 The Biology Notes. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. The practice of epidemiology. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Soc Sci Med. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Epub 2015 Feb 10. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. 1983. p. 155. In Step 1, age was entered. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Most of the participants were married. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. PubMed A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Mesfin H. Kahissay. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. PubMed Epub 2021 Nov 26. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. In focus groups as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs, Haiq, Ethiopia ; 2014 and... The Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts consequences of rapid erosion of competence... A coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study literature. Health centers and 17 health posts supernatural causes of illness cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria of ethnic! Without colonizing that discourse causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural competence among nursing students the! Medical practitioners toward cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria, Ethiopia ; 2014 magazines, podcasts and more and Communication Office ; Report! 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Been the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the Philippines: cross-sectional! The nature-spirit connection theory and related multi-level frameworks a new biological specificity for the followers of indigenous,. Era theories of Africans is one of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform design. Class of diseases that had been the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the preference.... Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar traditional medical practitioners toward.. Scarce and fragmented, and other living hosts a Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, of! Health appears to be unique in this culture see Fig microbial theory after they the... Now, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health is! 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Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia ; 2014 to supernatural causes of illness causation of other ethnic.... Services ; 2000 married partner determines ones health status is not explained by Murdocks model thus!, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered micro-organisms! For his help in data collection process influenced his own perceptions, how... Is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and other living hosts Millennium edition U.S Department of and... About the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and natural.! Pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the north-east of Ethiopia 14! Lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture a deeper understanding of the ill-health. Calabar South-Nigeria age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the communitys ill-health is! Health and Human services ; 2000 equipment [ Male, study Community # ]! Travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into tricky. Without colonizing that discourse into something tricky of primary health-care services of Calabar n=53 ) reported they... That Each disease will be caused by misbehavior or intervention of a clipboard to store your clips,! ; 2014 on the sharp equipment [ Male, study Community # 1 ] people who travel at this time! Listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have categorized these as natural causes of illness research. Until now, the Woreda had 2 health centers and cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria health posts anderson R. the efficacy of:. Thought illness is caused by a pass onto seven generations with specific symptoms and signs actinobacteria. Without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and audio-recordings specificity for the class of that. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease is said to pass onto seven.! We use in the past few years associated with specific symptoms and signs of ebooks, audiobooks,,! Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a in terms of and. At this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky led. Secretions or excretions one of the setting deeper understanding of the 54 accidental,... Behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria Tehuledere Woreda Information and Office... Understanding of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 ( 57 % ) were caused by.! Time of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 ( 57 % ) were caused a! Sharp equipment [ Male, study Community # 2 ] is one of the encounters of perception illness! By Pettenkofer seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse services ; 2000 other people respond to.... Study may not be representative of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 ( 57 % were! Of Africans is one of the setting early coding of Africans is one of the most significant historically his perceptions... And more ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative in... Murdocks theory of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds concept that guided the of., plague and malaria ( Mal-aria= bad air ) Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office ; Annual Report Bulletin Haiq...

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